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I propose two answers. First, you can read the very optimist paper by Fieller: Flieller, A. (1999). Comparison of the development of formal thought in adolescent cohorts aged 10 to 15 years (1967-1996 and 1972-1993). Developmental psychology, 35(4), 1048-1058. There is an historical improvement on Piagetian tasks... at least in France (:-) Second, Piagetian assesment is a very complicated question. It seems to me that it is quite impossible to think in a on/off way, e.g., “a person has or has not the formal stage? “is or is not at the?formal stage? and so. It’s mainly because of the domain variability. This is not a contradictory statement with respect to the “formal?aspect of the formal stage... See the present neuroconstructivist proposals. Of course you can read Piaget (1972) from this point of view. Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15, 1-12.