1．性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。
2．形式
不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。
分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分
3．语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。
逻辑主语能发出该动作 （发）
逻辑主语不能发出该动作 （收）
不发不收用结构： 动词不定式：用结构。
动名词：用结构。
分词：用独立主格结构
1．不定式作主语：
Warm up exercises:
1) change the following into the infinitive
1. ______( die ) for people is a glorious thing.
2. ______( talk ) with him is a great pleasure.
3. ______( help ) others is our duty.
4. ______( see ) is to believe.
5. ______( seat ) at the back of the classroom
made the students surprised.
2) change the sentences above into the ones
using “it” as informal.
3)A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。
It is easy for the students to read.
It will be a mistake for us to help you.
B: 下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of 引起的短语，来说明不定式指
的是谁的情况，这些形容词是：
kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, polite, naughty etc.
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s unwise of him to leave home at once.
It ‘s wrong of him to speak bad behind others.
It’s wrong for the south to break away from the Union.
2．不定式作表语
1. Her work is ______( look )after the
children.
2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua
University.
3. She seemed ______( think ) about the
problem.
4. They appeared _____( agree ) with
what
we said.
不定式作表语时可以和主语部分调换。
3．不定式作宾语：
有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：
want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc.
They wanted ______( get ) on the bus, didn’t they?
He said he wished______(be )a professor.
I agreed______ (go ) there with the doctor.
My daughter preferred ______( dance ) when she was in her twenties.
He had promised ______(give) me a hand.
4.不定式作宾语补足语
A)1. I didn’t want my parents ______(help ) me.
2. We’d prefer you _______( take ) the job
instead of Zhang.
3. The school ordered all the classroom
______( clean ).
4. My parents expect me _______( go )to a
ideal university.
5. Joan promised the dinner ______( cook )
before we returned.
6. The doctor advised the patient
______( take ) two pills every four hours.
7. He determined me_______( tell ) everything.
B) Whom flns sb do sth. (watch, have(使)hear, observe, make, feel, listen (to), let,
notice, see etc. + sb +动词原形
+ sth + done
We can’t let this ______(go) on.
I will not let my children ______(treat) in that way.
John made him ______( tell ) everything.
The two boys were sorry indeed to see him ______(go).
We felt the house ______( shake) in the earthquake.
Do you like listening to other people ______( talk )?Have you ever heard him ______( tell ) a lie?
Who would you like to have______( go ) ?
Who would you like to have______(go) with?
What song did you hear ______( sing )?
We saw the house ______( burn ) to the ground when we reached there.
5.不定式作定语
Change the following into infinitives.
He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.
The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.
Everything that is done needs praising.
Do you have anything that you want to say?
Here are some books that you can read.
6.不定式作状语。
状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果 要用不定式。
A)Substitution:
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town.
He got up early_____ _____ _____ catch the first bus.
We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely.
We must work hard at English _____ _____ ____ contact foreigners freely.
He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything.
He was______ frightened _______say anything.
He was ______ brave ______ ______say anything.
He was so young that he could go to school.
He was _____ late _____ go to school.
He was not _____ ______ _____ go to school.
B) 1. ______(save ) the badly sick lady, the
doctor had an operation on her.
2. He hurried to the station only _____
( find ) the train left.
动名词
1．动名词作主语
A)
1. ______( die ) for people is a glorious thing.
2. ______( talk ) with him is a great pleasure.
3. ______( help ) others is our duty.
4. ______( see ) is to believe.
5. ______( seat ) at the back of the classroom made the students surprised.
it作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列巨型常用动名词：
It is+ no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing…
There is no + doing….
如：
It’s no use ______( sit ) here waiting.
There is no ______( say )what will happen next.
Is it any good ______( tell ) him the truth right now.
不定式与动名词的区别：
不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：
It’s no good eating too much fat.
It’s not good for you to eat so much fat.
B) 关于逻辑主语的问题
1. ______to the meeting surprised all of the
boards.
A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mike’s coming
2. It’s no use _______ that you didn’t know the
rules.
A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend
Change the following into the simple sentences.
That Peter didn’t attend the meeting made it put off.
2．动名词作表语
1. Her work is ______( look )after the
children.
2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua
University.
3. One of my bad habit is ______(bite )
nails（指甲）.
3．动名词作宾语
mecafps+doing (mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, escape consider, admit(承认)advise, appreciate=enjoy, avoid, finish, practise, suggest, stop)delay, imagine, include, keep, quit, resist, risk, understand, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, etc.
以及介词后接动名词doing
He was in low spirits and even consider _____(go ) away.
Practise _____( put ) your hand to the ground.
I can’t help ______( have ) the trip to Britain.
Don’t tell me you always escape _____( fine) because you have a fast sports car.
Leave off ______(bite) your nails!
He didn’t feel like ______( work ), so he suggested _____( spend ) the day in the garden.
You certainly mustn’t miss _______( see ) the wonderful film.
The doctor advised ______( stay ) longer in hospital.
I couldn’t imagine that ______( be ) possible.
We appreciate your ______( want ) ______( help ) us in our difficulties.
We can’t stand ______( pooh-pooh) every new idea.
Michael has delayed ______( write ) to her till today.
The law forbids ______( sell )liquor to
children.
They all suggested ______( give ) more chances.
Can you imagine ______( leave ) standing outside for a whole night.
They built the banks to prevent the
area from ______( flood).
Women do mind ______( smoke ) by men.
动名词与不定式的不同含义：
be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去
做某事
be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现
She was afraid ______( wake ) her husband up, for he had bad temper.
She was afraid ______( of wake ) her husband, for he was ill.
2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未
做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已
做）
The light in the office is off. It was she
who turned it off, but she herself forgot _______( turn ) it off.
The light in the office is still on. She
forgot ______(turn )it off.
3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未
做）
remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做）
Do you remember ______(meet) me at a party last year?
You must remember ______( leave) tomorrow.
4) stop to do sth.
stop doing sth.
5) regret to do sth.
regret doing sth.
I regret _____( go ) to his home town.
I regret _____( tell ) you the truth.
6)try to do sth.
try doing sth.
You must try _____( do ) it again.
Let’s try _____( do ) the work in some other way.
7) mean to do sth.
mean doing sth.
If it means _____( delay ) more than a week,I’ll not wait.
I mean _____( go ), and nothing can stop me.
8) go on to do sth.
go on doing sth.
9) like/love/start/begin/hate/continue to do sth.
doing sth.
10)Sth.wnat/require/need to be done
doing.
The temple needs____( rebuild).
The children require____ (educate).
动名词复合结构的一般规则是：
1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词或代词所有格；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
Tom’s (His) coming is what we have expected.
She didn’t mind Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here.
2.逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用普通格。
Is there any hope of our winning the match?
3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone时， 只用普通格。
She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.
11)canit help doing sth.
can’t help do sth.
can’t help but do sth.不能不，忍不
住
1.I couldn’t help___(think) of my childhood when I saw the picture.
2.I’m sorry I can’t help___(lend) you the money, for I’m short of it nowadays.
3.I can’t help but___(cry).
9) permit, allow, advise, consider, admit doing sth. sb./wh to do sth.
1.Do you consider _____( buy ) this kind of book?
2.Is he considered _____( take ) this position?
3.Is he considered _____( send ) to work in Tibet?
分词
分词：分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。
一般式 完成式
现在分词 doing having done
having been done
过去分词 done
1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别：
1.Our plan is ______( finish ) the task
before May.
2. Tom’s job was ______( guard ) the
factory.
3. His lecture is ______( interest ),
which made us ______( interest ).
4. The situation is ______( encourage).
2)现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别：
分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/having done，不能发出分词的动作用被动done/having been dong。
分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing(用一般式)，如发生在谓语动词之前，(用完成式)having done。
A)
1._____(see ) those picture, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an.
2._____( turn ) round, Fanny found an ambulance driving up.
3_____( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples.
4._____( finish ) the work, he went back home on foot.
5._____( inspire ) by Dr. Chen’s speech, they decided to study maths harder.
6._____( persuade) by her mother, she gladly went there alone.
7.Warmly _____( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep.
8._____( arrive ) at the station, we found the train gone.
9._____( send ) the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils’ exercises.
10._____( surround), the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up.
11.Once _____( arm ), we are afraid of nothing.
12.While _____( cross )the street, look out for cars.
13.When _____( walk ) in the park, Mathilde met with her old friend.
14.While_____( criticize ),she cried.
15.She came earlier than _____( expect).
16.Everything goes well as _____( plan ).
17.She still made the same mistakes though ____( tell) several times.
18.____( give ) more time, we are sure to do it better.
19.The doctor did everything he could _____( save ) the patient.
20._____(improve )his English, Wang Ling works much harder.
作目的、结果状语的区别：
21. Li Ming works hard _____( pass ) the exams.
22. Li Ming works hard _____( try ) to pass the exams.
23. He returned home _____( find ) the house broken into.
24.His father died, _____( leave ) him nothing but debts.
25. Football is played over a century, _____( make ) it popular.
26. Bees suck honey into their stomachs, ____( get ) thicker and thicker.
判断下列对或错：
1. Seeing from the hill, the city looks more
beautiful.
2. Having had dinner, the dishes were
washed.
3. Leaving at home, the little girl felt much
afraid.
一些独立结构：
1. Generally _____( speak ), we have learnt a lot in this school.
2. _____(judge ) from his appearance, he is somebody.
3. _____( tell ) you the truth, your work is terrible.
将上列1-18句分词部分改成从句：
B)伴随状语
1. The boy lay in bed, _____( listen ) to music.
2. It’s a bad habit to talk to others, ____( look ) aside.
3. The professor entered the room, _____( follow ) by his assistants.
4. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talk, ____( add )that he had enjoyed his stay here.
5. The boy stood in front of the teacher,
_____( criticize).
独立主格结构
（ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）
A)1. Today ____( be ) Sunday, the library doesn’t open.
2. There _____( be ) no buses, we had to walk home.
3. The signal _____( give ), the bus started.
4. Weather ____ ( permit ), we’ll visit the Great Wall.
5. A teacher from England ____( teach ) us English, we’re sure to learn it well.
B) 6. With him ____( give ) us a lead, our team is to win.
7. With the worker ____( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.
8. Many people spoke aloud in front of our classroom, with nobody ____( stop ) them.
9. He was looking at the screen again, with the machine ____( turn ) on.
10. The girl felt uneasy with the whole class _____( stare ) at her.
11. Now the patient could walk with the nurse ____( support ) him.
12. With the machinery _____( do ) all the work, we finished the task last month.
13. She lay on the grass with her eyes _____( close ).
14. You might catch a cold with your feet _____( expose).
3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：
whom flns+sb do (经常性动作)
+sb doing sth.（正在进行）
+sth done（被动）
1.I used to see these boys ____( play ) on the playground.
2.I saw them _____( play ) the computer this afternoon.
3.Have you _____( heard ) this song _____( sing ) before?
4.She was surprised to find the house _____( break ) into when she went back home.
5． Unfortunately, he got his wallet _____( steal ) on the bus.
6. We are interested in hearing him _____( tell ) us the news.
7. He won’t have us _____( criticize ) him.
8. It’s a bad habit to leave the work ______( undo ).
9. Yesterday I caught him _____( take ) my dictionary when I went into
the classroom.
4） 分词作定语：
A) 1. Do you know the man _____(speak ) at the meeting?
2. Do you know the man _____( praise ) at the meeting?
3. The building _____( put ) up last now is our library.
4. The building _____( put ) up now will be our new company.
5. The building _____( put ) up next year will be our new company.
6. There was an old temple _____
( stand ) at the top of the hill.
7. There is a sports meeting _____
( hold ) next Tuesday.
8. There was an old man ______( live ) in the village.
B) 1.He was the first person
_____(come) to the classroom this
morning.
2.The only thing _____(get )is the diamond necklace.
3.Everything _____(do ) needs praising.
4. Do you have anything____( say )?
5. Here are some books for you _____( read ).
5) 作定语时， 一个词放在前面， 短语放在后面。（注意语态）
The _____( surprise) news made us
_____(surprise).
2. The _____( interest )man, Chaplin, interested us all.
3. The _____( excite )football match attracted many football funs.
4. There appeared a _____( worry ) look on his face.
5. She tried to hide her _____( dissatisfy) expression in public.
